Plasmodiums are transmitted from a patient to a healthy person in the form of sporozoites by mosquitoes. They can also be transmitted through blood transfusion and disease. Plasmodiums can pass from the placenta to the fetus and be dangerous. In a person returning from a tropical region, in a feverish illness or in a coma with fever, malaria should also be considered.
Incubation period: 10-14 days.
Symptoms: Headache, chills, sweating, and pain in the arms and legs.
Course of the disease
In malaria caused by P. malariae, the causative organisms enter the bloodstream as developed cells 8 days after their arrival in the liver, and evolution takes 72 hours. The organisms reproduce both in the liver and in the red blood cells. In malaria caused by P. vivax and P. ovale, the developed cells leave the liver on the 8th day and mix with the blood, and they separate from the red blood cells every 48 hours. However, not all the causative organisms leave the liver at once, and asexual reproduction continues. Malaria caused by P. falcifarum is called “malignant malaria” and is the most dangerous malaria. All the organisms that settle in the liver enter the bloodstream as developed cells on the 6th day. Since the development of the organisms is not always continuous, the febrile periods that occur when the active cells separate from the red blood cells are irregular. At any stage of the disease, the organisms may form masses that block the capillaries of the brain, spinal cord, lungs, and adrenal glands, and may result in sudden death.
The most dangerous side effect in severe malaria cases is blackwater fever. The cause is definitely not known. The disease manifests itself with sudden red blood cell destruction.
There are three things to consider when treating malaria:
1- Elimination of the parasite with antiparasitic drugs,
2- Supportive measures and
3- Recognition of complications and their treatment in every respect.
There is a specific treatment for malaria. The drugs used in treatment are:
1- The sporozoites should have a prophylactic effect by killing the first reproductive period exoerythrocytic schizonts,
2- It should destroy the schizonts in the erythrocytes and the schizonts spilled into the blood,
3- Destroy the gametes and
4- It should not have a toxic effect on the tissues.
The first drug to be considered in the treatment of acute stages of all forms of malaria is chloroquine (Aralen) (4-aminoquinoline). This drug is used in the treatment of non-red blood cell proliferation stage.
It treats P. falciparum infections. In order to provide complete treatment for other forms of malaria, primaquine, which is effective against non-red blood cell tissue forms of plasmodia, must be used together with chloroquine. There is no other satisfactory drug effective against tissue forms other than primaquine. Primaquine is used against P. vivax and P. ovale hypnozoites to prevent their relapse.
Monitoring of Treatment:
Observations during treatment serve three purposes:
1. Determining the effectiveness of the treatment,
2. Recognize and treat malaria complications as soon as possible
3. Detecting drug toxicity.
Blood smears should be examined daily until no red blood cells containing asexual parasites are seen. An increase in parasitemia during the first 24 hours is general and does not indicate failure of treatment. Asexual parasitemia should then decrease and disappear within 5 days. Gametocytemia may last for days to weeks and does not indicate failure of treatment or the need for treatment.
PROTECTION:
In order to be successful in the fight against malaria, it is necessary to eliminate the ring of infection. For this, reservoir people should be treated and measures should be taken to prevent the reproduction of intermediary anopheles.
The development and spread of drug resistance to chloroquine and other drugs used in the treatment of malaria, and the decrease in the effectiveness of insecticides on the intermediary anopheles have led to the importance of protective measures.
Korunma tedbirleri arasında en önemlisi sivrisinek ısırımına maruz kalmamaktır. Bunun için, geceleyin sivrisinek ağlarının kullanımı, sivrisinek ısırımını azaltmaya uygun giysiler giymek, sinek kovucu ve sinek spreylerinin kullanımı gereklidir. Bu tedbirler %100 koruyucu olmamaktadır. İlaveten kemoprofilaksi yapılır.
In areas where resistance has not been reported, chloroquine is used to suppress erythrocytic infection. Chloroquine should be taken 2 weeks before going to malaria areas and for a further 6 weeks after leaving these areas. Primaquine is given for 14 days to prevent the risk of P. vivax and P. ovale infection in those returning from these areas.
In areas where chloroquine is resistant to P. falciparum, mefloquine, proguanil+chloroquine are given as a prophylactic. Doxycycline can be used as a prophylactic in areas where mefloquine is resistant to P. falciparum.
Currently, vaccine development efforts are directed towards “cocktail” vaccines. Because there are different malaria antigens and many epitopes belonging to different stages of the malaria parasite life cycle, the vaccine should contain a combination of sporozoite, merozoite and gametocyte antigens. Since antibodies against these do not protect against the others, these three antigens must be present in the vaccine.
Black bark, St. John's wort, sage, willow leaves, eucalyptus leaves, thyme, menthol mint, mallow, chamomile, angelica, fennel, lavender, anise, basil, rosemary, lemon balm, rose and violet.
The herbs can be boiled as a whole or separately and the water can be drunk like tea on an empty or full stomach.
2. recipe
Garlic, onion, cabbage, radish, leek, orange, lemon, grapefruit, quince are cooked, and blackberry and rosehip marmalade are eaten in large quantities.
3. recipe
50 gr. ginger
50 gr. black cumin
50 gr. cloves
50 gr. cinnamon
50 gr. towel
Mix 50 gr. anise and drink.
However, after all of these herbs are mixed, they can be boiled in small quantities 3-4 times or they can be pounded and mixed with 2 kg of honey and eaten in three meals.
